UCAS code | VV16 |
---|---|
Duration | 3 years |
Entry year | 2025 |
Campus | Streatham Campus |
Discipline | History |
Contact | Web: Enquire online |
Typical offer | A-Level: AAB-ABB |
---|---|
A-Level: BBB-BBC |
UCAS code | 1A84 |
---|---|
Duration | 4 years |
Entry year | 2025 |
Campus | Streatham Campus |
Discipline | History |
Contact | Web: Enquire online |
Typical offer | A-Level: AAB-ABB |
---|---|
A-Level: BBB-BBC |
UCAS code | VV18 |
---|---|
Duration | 4 years |
Entry year | 2025 |
Campus | Streatham Campus |
Discipline | History |
Contact | Web: Enquire online |
Typical offer | A-Level: AAB-ABB |
---|---|
A-Level: BBB-BBC |
UCAS code | VV19 |
---|---|
Duration | 4 years |
Entry year | 2025 |
Campus | Streatham Campus |
Discipline | History |
Contact | Web: Enquire online |
Typical offer | A-Level: AAB-ABB |
---|---|
A-Level: BBB-BBC |
Overview
- Study world history to its full: explore vital topics such as gender, race and global imperialism, navigate diverse geographical regions, and traverse 1,500 years of history, from the fall of the Roman Empire through to the post-Communist era
- Learn important techniques and skills archaeologists use to engage with the past. Tailor your degree to your areas of interest, such as exploring specific historical periods of cultures, or examining human bones and artefacts
- Exeter is a city bursting with history and heritage that offers museums, art galleries and a wide range of historical architecture. The University Library has extensive historical holdings and collections
- Our research centres, which cover areas including Medical History and Medieval Studies, are a focus for interdisciplinary research activity across the institution and have significant international reputations
- The Student-Staff Liaison Committee provides an opportunity to communicate your views and influence, change and shape your degree. The student-run History Society organises guest speakers, trips and social events
We are 6th in the UK for research in History
Based on our GPA in REF 2021
Top 100 in world subject rankings for History
QS World University Subject Rankings 2024
Applied experience and fieldwork opportunities in the UK and abroad
Top 50 in world subject rankings for Archaeology
QS World University Subject Rankings 2024
I have thoroughly enjoyed my time at the University of Exeter where I have studied History and Archaeology. Each academic year has been both challenging and interesting, enabling me to develop on skills and knowledge that I have acquired from the previous modules from Year 1 to Year 3.
In every module the Lecturers and Tutors have taught with great enthusiasm and have always ensured that their lectures are engaging and encourage debate. As a joint honours student, History has aided me greatly in my other discipline, Archaeology. Namely, by providing historical context to my Archaeology modules especially the medieval period. Moreover, it has been most advantageous in helping me in approaching and analysing textual sources alongside the physical primary evidence that Archaeology utilizes.
Giulia
BA History and Archaeology
Entry requirements (typical offer)
Qualification | Typical offer | Required subjects |
---|---|---|
A-Level | AAB-ABB | n/a |
IB | 34/665-32/655 | n/a |
BTEC | DDD-DDM | n/a |
GCSE | 4 or C | English Language |
Access to HE | 30 L3 credits at Distinction Grade and 15 L3 credits at Merit Grade - 24 L3 credits at Distinction Grade and 21 L3 credits at Merit Grade | N/A |
T-Level | Distinction | N/A |
Contextual Offer | A-Level: BBB-BBC |
Specific subject requirements must still be achieved where stated above. Find out more about contextual offers. |
Other accepted qualifications | ||
English language requirements |
International students need to show they have the required level of English language to study this course. The required test scores for this course fall under Profile B2. Please visit our English language requirements page to view the required test scores and equivalencies from your country. |
NB General Studies is not included in any offer.
Grades advertised on each programme webpage are the typical level at which our offers are made and provide information on any specific subjects an applicant will need to have studied in order to be considered for a place on the programme. However, if we receive a large number of applications for the programme we may not be able to make an offer to all those who are predicted to achieve/have achieved grades which are in line with our typical offer. For more information on how applications are assessed and when decisions are released, please see: After you apply
Course content
The History and Archaeology degree programme is made up of compulsory (core) and optional modules, which are worth 15 or 30 credits each. Full-time undergraduate students need to complete modules worth a total of 120 credits each year.
Depending on your programme you can take up to 30 credits each year in another subject, for instance a language or business module, to develop career-related skills or just widen your intellectual horizons.
The modules we outline here provide examples of what you can expect to learn on this degree course based on recent academic teaching. The precise modules available to you in future years may vary depending on staff availability and research interests, new topics of study, timetabling and student demand.
30 credits of compulsory Archaeology modules, 45 credits of compulsory History modules, 30 credits of optional Archaeology modules, 15 credits of optional History modules.
Compulsory modules
a - You must select HIH1421 Understanding Medieval and Early Modern History OR HIH1422 Understanding Modern History.
Code | Module | Credits |
---|---|---|
ARC1010 | Themes in World Archaeology | 15 |
ARC1020 | Essential Archaeological Methods | 15 |
HIH1137 | Becoming a Historian: Core | 15 |
HIH1421 | Understanding Medieval and Early Modern History [See note a above] | 30 |
HIH1422 | Understanding Modern History [See note a above] | 30 |
Optional modules
b - Select 30 credits from Stage 1 Option Modules Archaeology
c - Select 15 credits from Stage 1 Option Modules History
Code | Module | Credits |
---|---|---|
Archaeology Stage 1 BA Option Modules 2024-5 [See note b above] | ||
ARC1007 | Archaeological and Forensic Science Practicals | 15 |
ARC1008 | Forensic Archaeology | 15 |
ARC1080 | Archaeology and Heritage: Past and Futures | 15 |
ARA1030 | Introduction to Islamic Archaeology | 15 |
History Stage 1 Option modules 2024-5 [See note c above] | ||
HIH1402 | Britain, America, and the Global Order, 1846-1946 | 15 |
HIH1618 | Body, Border, Partition: Understanding Violence in South Asia | 15 |
HIH1140 | Confinement, Care, Cure: Psychiatric Institutions in the Twentieth Century | 15 |
HIH1412 | Early Modern Magic and Witchcraft | 15 |
HIH1614 | Environment and Industry, 1750-1950: Global Perspectives | 15 |
HIH1053 | Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages | 15 |
HIH1600 | Images of Stalinism | 15 |
HIH1585 | Ladies of the Night: Prostitution in the Victorian World | 15 |
HIH1607 | JFK | 15 |
HIH1002 | Losing an Empire, Finding a Role: Britain Since 1945 | 15 |
HIH1042 | Murder in Early Modern England | 15 |
HIH1411 | From Wigan Pier to Piccadilly: Britain between the Wars | 15 |
HIH1501 | The Viking Phenomenon | 15 |
HIH1506 | The First Day of the Somme | 15 |
HIH1532 | The History of Strategic Thinking | 15 |
HIH1596 | The Good War? The United States in World War II | 15 |
HIH1612 | Renaissance Florence 1350-1550 | 15 |
30 credits of compulsory Archaeology modules, 30 credits of optional Archaeology modules, 60 credits of optional History modules.
Compulsory modules
d - Select ARC2003 or ARC2004 from Stage 2 Compulsory Modules
Code | Module | Credits |
---|---|---|
ARC2003 | Archaeological Fieldwork Project [See note d above] | 30 |
ARC2004 | Archaeological Fieldschool [See note d above] | 30 |
Optional modules
e - Select 30 credits from Stage 2 Option Modules Archaeology.
Select 60 credits from a single History Route A, B, C or D. You must take HIH2237 Doing History in the Digital Age if you intend to select HIH3005 History Dissertation or HIH3006 Research Dissertation in the final stage.
History Route A
2 History option modules. Archaeology Dissertation in final stage
History Route B
HIH2002 Uses of the Past + 1 other History option. Archaeology Dissertation in final stage
History Route C
HIH2237 Doing History in the Digital Age + 1 other History option. History Dissertation in final stage
History Route D
HIH2237 Doing History in the Digital Age + HIH2002 Uses of the Past. History Dissertation in final stage
Code | Module | Credits |
---|---|---|
Archaeology Stage 2 BA Option Modules 2024-5 [See note e above] | ||
ARA2014 | Regions and Empires in Islamic Archaeology | 15 |
ARC2118 | Lords to Lepers: Medieval Social Worlds | 15 |
ARC2124 | Giving and Taking: Anthropology and Archaeology of Circulation and Exchange | 15 |
ARC2130 | Discovering the Past with Molecular Science | 15 |
ARC2131 | Palaeolithic Archaeology of Homo Sapiens 100,000-12,000 BP | 15 |
ARC2135 | Trading Places, Towns, Royal Palaces and Fortifications: Early Medieval Centres in Europe | 15 |
ARC2400 | Understanding the Landscape of Roman Britain | 15 |
ARC2504 | Zooarchaeology | 15 |
ARC2512 | Palaeobotany | 15 |
ARC2513 | Aerial Survey | 15 |
ARC2514 | Forensic Anthropology | 15 |
History CH Stage 2 Route A modules 2024-5 History Route A | ||
HIH2036A | Albion's Fatal Tree: Capital Punishment in England, 1688-1965 | 30 |
HIH2037 | American Frontiers: The West in U.S. History and Mythology | 30 |
HIH2041 | The First Welfare State? England's Poor Law, 1520-1835 | 30 |
HIH2016A | Living Through the Global: Colonial Migrants and the British Empire from the Eighteenth Century to the Present | 30 |
HIH2137A | Inventing Modern Man: Constructions of Mind, Body, and the Individual, 1400-1800 | 30 |
HIH2138A | History of Development: Ideologies, Politics, and Projects | 30 |
HIH2145A | Spain from Absolutism to Democracy | 30 |
HIH2208A | Medieval Paris | 30 |
HIH2210A | The Russian Empire, 1689-1917 | 30 |
HIH2218A | Religion, Society and Culture in Tudor England | 30 |
HIH2238 | Slavery, Revolution, Independence: Saint-Domingue and Haiti, 1685-1838 | 30 |
HIH2241 | Rise and Demise of Communism in Global Perspective | 30 |
HIH2587 | The Other Renaissance: Religion, Knowledge, and Power in the Twelfth Century | 30 |
HIH2590 | An Age of Iron? Europe in the Tenth Century | 30 |
HIH2591 | Philip Augustus and the Making of France, 1180-1223 | 30 |
HIH2594 | Europe in the Era of the Great War, 1908-1923: Crisis, Conflict and Collapse | 30 |
History CH Stage 2 Route B modules 2024-5 History Route B | ||
HIH2002 | Uses of the Past | 30 |
HIH2591 | Philip Augustus and the Making of France, 1180-1223 | 30 |
HIH2587 | The Other Renaissance: Religion, Knowledge, and Power in the Twelfth Century | 30 |
HIH2036A | Albion's Fatal Tree: Capital Punishment in England, 1688-1965 | 30 |
HIH2238 | Slavery, Revolution, Independence: Saint-Domingue and Haiti, 1685-1838 | 30 |
HIH2016A | Living Through the Global: Colonial Migrants and the British Empire from the Eighteenth Century to the Present | 30 |
HIH2210A | The Russian Empire, 1689-1917 | 30 |
HIH2138A | History of Development: Ideologies, Politics, and Projects | 30 |
History CH Stage 2 Route C modules 2024-5 History Route C | ||
HIH2237 | Doing History in the Digital Age | 30 |
HIH2208A | Medieval Paris | 30 |
HIH2590 | An Age of Iron? Europe in the Tenth Century | 30 |
HIH2218A | Religion, Society and Culture in Tudor England | 30 |
HIH2041 | The First Welfare State? England's Poor Law, 1520-1835 | 30 |
HIH2037 | American Frontiers: The West in U.S. History and Mythology | 30 |
HIH2145A | Spain from Absolutism to Democracy | 30 |
HIH2594 | Europe in the Era of the Great War, 1908-1923: Crisis, Conflict and Collapse | 30 |
HIH2241 | Rise and Demise of Communism in Global Perspective | 30 |
History CH Stage 2 Route D modules History Route D | ||
HIH2002 | Uses of the Past | 30 |
HIH2237 | Doing History in the Digital Age | 30 |
Find out more about study abroad or employment experience under Course variants.
With Study Abroad
120 credit compulsory placement module
For your year abroad you will agree a suite of modules in your host institution with the Faculty Study Abroad Coordinator. Details of individual modules that may be taken whilst abroad can be found by accessing the partner institution’s factfile at http://www.exeter.ac.uk/international/abroad/where/ and navigating to the “Course Requirements” section of that factfile where a link to the modules on offer in the partner institution is displayed.
Compulsory modules
Code | Module | Credits |
---|---|---|
HUM3999 | Year Abroad | 120 |
With Employment Experience
120 credit compulsory placement module
Compulsory modules
Code | Module | Credits |
---|---|---|
HUM3998 | Employment Experience UK | 120 |
With Employment Experience Abroad
120 credits of compulsory modules
Compulsory modules
Code | Module | Credits |
---|---|---|
HUM3998 | Employment Experience UK | 120 |
0-30 credits of compulsory Archaeology modules, 0-30 credits of compulsory History modules, 30-60 credits of optional Archaeology modules, and 30-60 credits of optional History modules.
Compulsory modules
Route A or B taken in Stage 2 - Select ARC3000 Archaeology Dissertation
Route C or D taken in stage 2 - Select either HIH3005 History Dissertation or HIH3006 History Research Dissertation
Code | Module | Credits |
---|---|---|
ARC3000 | Archaeological Dissertation | 30 |
HIH3005 | General Third-Year Dissertation | 30 |
HIH3006 | Research Project Dissertation | 30 |
Optional modules
Route A or B taken in Stage 2 - Select one 30 Credit Archaeology Option. Select a Special Subject for 60 credits.
Route C or D taken in stage 2 - select 30 credits from Concepts Modules, or 30 credits of option modules from outside of History via modularity. Select 60 credits of Archaeology options.
If choosing option modules outside of your named subjects, you must make sure that your total for both History and Archaeology is 90 credits each over the second and final year. This is to insure you meet the requirements needed for the degree title.
Code | Module | Credits |
---|---|---|
Archaeology Final Stage BA Option Modules 2024-5 Archaeology Options | ||
ARC3003 | Professional Placement | 30 |
ARC3006A | Advanced Fieldschool | 15 |
ARC3013 | Practicing Archaeological, Forensic and Heritage Science | 15 |
ARC3136 | Advanced Fieldwork | 15 |
ARC3118 | Lords to Lepers: Medieval Social Worlds | 15 |
ARC3124 | Giving and Taking: Anthropology and Archaeology of Circulation and Exchange | 15 |
ARC3131 | Palaeolithic Archaeology of Homo Sapiens 100,000-12,000 BP | 15 |
ARC3133 | Digital Pasts | 15 |
ARC3135 | Trading Places, Towns, Royal Palaces and Fortifications: Early Medieval Centres in Europe | 15 |
ARC3400 | Understanding the Landscape of Roman Britain | 15 |
ARC3510 | Experimental Approaches to Forensic and Archaeological Investigations | 15 |
ARC3512 | Palaeobotany | 15 |
ARC3513 | Aerial Survey | 15 |
ARC3611 | Funerary Osteoarchaeology | 15 |
History UG Final Year Special Subjects 2024-5 Special Subjects | ||
HIH3415 | Everyday Stalinism: Life in the Soviet Union, 1928-53 | 60 |
HIH3416 | Critics of Empire | 60 |
HIH3417 | The Yes, Minister Files: Perspectives on British Government since 1914 | 60 |
HIH3422 | Street Protest and Social Movements in the Modern Era | 60 |
HIH3426 | Health and its Politics in the 20th Century | 60 |
HIH3430 | From the Grand Tour to Gladiator: Modern encounters with the ancient world | 60 |
HIH3433 | Beyond Cannibalism: Indigenous Peoples and the European Colonisation of Brazil, 1500-1822 | 60 |
HIH3434 | The Body in Early Modern England | 60 |
HIH3436 | Engendering Empire: Making the British Imperial World | 60 |
HIH3437 | Death to the Traitors: Rebellion and Resisting Tyranny in the Middle Ages | 60 |
HIH3438 | The Rise of Capitalism in Britain 1660-1830 | 60 |
HIH3439 | Women's Experience in Britain: Race, Class and Gender since 1945 | 60 |
HIH3441 | Britons Abroad: The Experience of Travel, c. 1650-1900 | 60 |
HIH3442 | From Its Cradle to Its Grave? The National Health Service in Britain, 1948-Present | 60 |
HIH3444 | Them and Us: Imagining the Social "Other" in Britain since the 1880s | 60 |
HIH3450 | Decolonisation and Colonial Conflict | 60 |
HIH3451 | Borders and Mobilities in Postcolonial South Asia | 60 |
HIH3452 | Whiteness: A Global History | 60 |
HIH3448 | Britain and the Age of Revolution, 1775-1832 | 60 |
History UG Final Stage Concepts Concepts Modules | ||
HIH3330 | Truth | 30 |
HIH3332 | Labour | 30 |
HIH3333 | In Sickness and in Health | 30 |
HIH3334 | War | 30 |
HIH3336 | Revolution | 30 |
HIH3331 | Elites | 30 |
Course variants
UCAS code: 1A84
Our four-year ‘with Study Abroad’ degree, offers you the possibility of spending your third year abroad, studying with one of our many partner universities.
Why Study Abroad?
Living and studying in a different country is an exciting experience that broadens your academic and cultural horizons, as well as giving you the opportunity to widen your circle of friends. Students who have studied abroad demonstrate initiative, independence, motivation and, depending on where they stay, may also have gained a working knowledge of another language – all key qualities that employers are looking for in today’s competitive employment environment.
Where can I Study Abroad?
We have partnership arrangements with many prestigious institutions across the globe. Exactly where you can apply to study will depend on the subjects you are studying at Exeter. For a full list please visit the Study Abroad website.
Does it count towards my degree?
Credit for academic work during your year abroad is arranged by agreement between the University of Exeter and the host institution. These marks are then translated back into your degree at Exeter. If you are Studying Abroad for a semester or full year, your time abroad will count toward your final degree. Please refer to your College Study Abroad co-ordinator for further details.
How does it affect my tuition fee and funding?
For the year that you spend studying abroad you will pay a significantly reduced tuition fee to Exeter, but nothing to your host university – for more information visit our fees pages. If you were previously eligible, you will continue to receive a maintenance loan whilst on your Study Abroad year.
UCAS code: VV18
Our four-year ‘with Employment Experience’ degree, offers you the possibility of spending your third year carrying out a graduate-level work placement or placements within the UK as part of your degree.
Why choose to include Employment Experience?
Undertaking graduate-level work during your degree unlocks a world of experience that allows you to develop essential employability and interpersonal skills that relate to your degree and future career. A work placement will dramatically boost your confidence, enhance your CV and develop graduate level skills and competencies that employers are looking for.
Where will I do my work placement?
The sector you choose to work within is very much your choice as you will be responsible for finding and organising your placement. We will provide plenty of guidance and support during your first and second years which will prepare you to research and apply for placements. Ultimately, the university will give final approval to your placement to make sure you have a valuable experience.
How does it affect my tuition fees and funding?
For your ‘Year In Industry’ you will pay a significantly reduced tuition fee to Exeter – for more information visit our fees pages. If you were previously eligible, you will continue to receive a maintenance loan whilst on your year of work placement/s.
Find out more
Visit our website to learn more about employment experience opportunities.
UCAS code: VV19
Our four-year ‘with Employment Experience Abroad’ degree, offers you the possibility of spending your third year abroad, carrying out a graduate-level work placement or placements as part of your degree.
Why choose to include Employment Experience Abroad?
Spending up to a year living and working in a different country is an exciting experience that broadens your academic and cultural horizons, as well as giving you the opportunity to widen your circle of friends. By carrying out a graduate-level work placement or placements abroad you can demonstrate to employers your adaptability, cultural awareness, independence and resourcefulness and, depending on where you stay, may also have gained a working knowledge of another language.
Where will I do my work placement?
The sector and country you choose to work within is very much your choice as you will be responsible for finding and organising your placement. We will provide plenty of guidance and support during your first and second years which will prepare you to research and apply for placements. Ultimately, the university will give final approval to your placement to make sure you have a valuable experience.
How does it affect my tuition fee?
For your ‘Year In Industry’ you will pay a significantly reduced tuition fee to Exeter – for more information visit our fees pages. If you were previously eligible, you will continue to receive a maintenance loan whilst on your year of work placement/s.
Is the placement paid?
You will be paid in accordance with the rules of the country you work in and there may be visa restrictions or requirements which you need to consider when applying.
Find out more
Visit our website to learn more about employment experience opportunities.
Fees
Tuition fees for 2024 entry
UK students: £9,250 per year
International students: £23,700 per year
Scholarships
The University of Exeter has many different scholarships available to support your education, including £5 million in scholarships for international students, such as our Global Excellence Scholarships*. Financial support is also available for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, lower income households and other under-represented groups to help them access, succeed and progress through higher education.
* Terms and conditions apply. See online for details.
Learning and teaching
How will I learn?
Throughout the programmes stress is laid on the need to analyse, discuss and deploy historical evidence in a variety of settings and not simply on the ability to memorise. You will learn through lectures, tutorials and seminars, with a growing emphasis at each successive level on student-led learning.
Modules
Modules are designed to encourage you to think about long-term developments and processes of historical change, and to make comparisons between countries and cultures. This helps you progress from the more tightly defined topics studied at A level. Modules are also designed to encourage you to think and write analytically about these broad subjects. They emphasise historical questions that require you to identify patterns across time, or between countries, and to isolate common or competing trends, instead of concentrating on short-term or single explanations.
Teaching hours
You’ll have on average 1-3 teaching hours per module and will need to allow for up to nine additional hours of private study. You should expect your total workload to average about 40 hours per week during term time. As well as attending lectures and writing essays and assignments, you’ll be expected to make presentations in seminars or tutorials. We encourage your presentation work, because it involves you actively in the teaching and learning process and develops important life skills, such as good verbal and visual communication and effective interaction with other people.
Personal tutor
You'll have a personal tutor as well as tutors in individual subjects and they will work with you to monitor your progress, as well as offering pastoral support and other help. You will have a chance to make your mark on the programmes through regular student evaluations and participation in the Student-Staff Liaison Committees and the student History Societies on both campuses.
How will I be assessed?
All the degrees in History have assessments and examinations each year. Although formal examinations are important tests of skill, up to 50 per cent of your marks will come from other forms of assessment, including coursework essays, projects, dissertations and measures of your skill in presentation and oral work. The exact balance will depend on the modules you choose, and you’ll be informed of the methods of assessment before making your choices.
Progression
You must pass your first-year assessment in order to progress to the second year, but the results do not count towards your degree classification. For three-year programmes, the assessments in the second and third years contribute to your final degree classification. For four-year programmes the assessments in the second, third and fourth years all contribute to your final degree classification.
Optional modules outside of this course
Each year, if you have optional modules available, you can take up to 30 credits in a subject outside of your course. This can increase your employability and widen your intellectual horizons.
Proficiency in a second subject
If you complete 60 credits of modules in one of the subjects below, you may have the words 'with proficiency in [e.g. Social Data Science]' added to your degree title when you graduate.
- A Foreign Language
- Data Science
- Entrepreneurship
- Innovation
- Law
- Leadership
- Social Data Science
Your future
Employer-valued skills this course develops
History graduates from the University of Exeter have an excellent reputation with graduate recruiters and compete very successfully in the employment market. Alongside in-depth subject knowledge you’ll develop highly transferable skills in researching; analysing and assessing sources; written and verbal communication; managing and interpreting information; developing ideas and arguments; teamwork; and problem solving.
Employer visits
We have a dedicated, award-winning Careers Service, with offices at our Exeter and Penryn campuses, ensuring you have access to careers advisors, mentors and the tools you need to succeed in finding employment in your chosen field on graduation. We offer the Exeter Award and the Exeter Leaders Award which include employability-related workshops, skills events, volunteering and employment which will contribute to your career decision-making skills and success in the employment market. Our graduates compete very successfully in the employment market, with many employers targeting the University when recruiting new graduates. For further information please visit our Careers Service.
Career paths
You will be equipped with skills that are attractive to employers and relevant for a wide range of careers, including graduate-level roles in the heritage and arts sectors as well as other fields of work, including TV, education, retail management, recruitment, charities, finance and accounting, and journalism.
Example careers
- Account Manager
- Archivist
- Business Analyst
- Civil Servant
- Digital Marketing and
- Events Executive
- Event Project Manager
- Global Market
- Researcher
- Historian
- Parliamentary Researcher
- TV Researcher
Further study
A History degree may also lead to further study or research and recent graduates have progressed to postgraduate courses in:
- MA Conflict, Security and Development
- Graduate Diploma in Law
- MA English Literary Studies
- MA History
- MSc International Management
- PGCE